Definition of Distillation in Chemistry

Definition of Distillation in ChemistryDistillation is the process of heating a liquid in order to obtain the vapor and the still is the device used for this purpose. The temperature is set at which the liquid boils while the presence of a vapour called vapor is verified by the use of a thermometer. By this process the solids present in the liquid are reduced to liquids and the vapor thereby removed.This process has been employed in various processes since ancient times and is today used to purify both liquid and gases. In the past, it was the only method that was used to purify liquids. As there were no working machines for this purpose, the process was carried out using human power.The process is now used in various processes including purification of liquids. It is important to note that distillation is done only after the liquid is purified in its original state. Other processes may be used after distillation so that the desired product may be obtained without leaving any impurit ies behind.There are two sources from which the vapours are extracted from the liquids, namely condensation and evaporation. Condensation occurs when the heat from the fuel causes the liquid to boil and the vapor to condense onto the metal vessels whereas evaporation occurs when the heat from the fuel causes the liquid to expand and the vapor to condense onto the metal vessels.As the process is carried out with the help of heat, the entire process is very temperamental and requires constant attention and control. The process is largely done by the use of steam. However, in recent times, the heat can be generated using electricity as well so that a boiler is needed.A complete set of instructions has to be followed before beginning the process. In case of a reflux apparatus, there are a hot liquor tank and cold liquor tank. These tanks are filled with steam during the process and the fuel that are required for this purpose is to be added into the two tanks during the process.The tempe rature of the fuel will determine the purity of the liquid being produced and so the process has to be carried out to that specific degree of temperature. Since water is used in the process, the fuel and the vapor are consumed after the process. All these factors combined prove to be highly beneficial in terms of the purification of the product being obtained.

5 Fun Summer Snacks For The Kids Youre Babysitting

5 Fun Summer Snacks For The Kids You're Babysitting Image via: www.sheknows.com Nothing says summer like the sweet scent of watermelons and the chilly taste of a popsicle to defeat the dry, scorching rays of the sun. Mixing the two is nothing short of a marriage, or snack, made in heaven. Watermelon pops are both healthy and delicious, making them a perfect snack for kids while they play by the pool or the seaside. They can even be perfect for lounging around in the house. Watermelon pops are as enjoyable to make as they are to eat, and we havent even gotten to the health benefits yet! Watermelon will keep your kids hydrated while they spend time in the sun, as theyre made up of mostly water and contain important electrolytes. You will need: •4.5 cups of watermelon •Salt •Sugar •Popsicle sticks, or toothpicks •Pop molds or ice cube trays Check out the full recipe here. Ice Cream Flopsicles Image via: www.evilchefmom.com What do you get when you cross a soda and ice cream float with a popsicle? An ice cream flopsicle! With ice cream or frozen yogurt and your choice of beverage, your kids could enjoy a wide variety of flavored combinations. Some ideas are: vanilla ice cream with grape soda, vanilla ice cream with root beer, vanilla ice cream with Dr. Pepper, and chocolate ice cream with cream soda. Feel free to experiment and find the most creative flavor combo! These sweet treats will make it seem like youre coming right from the local ice cream parlor, perfect for everything from indoor adventures to outdoor shenanigans. Youll find yourself falling back into the nostalgia of childhood with this snack, enjoying these creative concoctions just as much as your kids will, if not more! Just beware the sugar rush. You will need: •18, 3-ounce Dixie cups •One gallon of ice cream •Soda flavor of your choosing •Popsicle sticks •Baking dish •Spatula Check out the full recipe here. Chocolate Covered Bananas Image via: www.youtube.com Just the thought of chocolate will be enough to make your kids go bananas! Come to think of it, why not add a little bit of that good ol Chiquita to an already perfect ingredient? These chocolate covered bananas are surprisingly healthy when prepared correctly with dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate. These tasty snacks are loaded with potassium, antioxidants, fiber, and vitamin C! Not to mention, theyre super easy to make and can be customized with your own personal touch, whether thats a sprinkling of walnut bits or sprinkles! The possibilities for this snack are only limited to your imagination and the imagination of your kids. Now, go on. Go bananas! (Thats the last time Im making that pun, I promise.) You will need: •4 bananas •8 popsicle/craft sticks •6 ounces of dark chocolate Check out the full recipe here. Ants on a Log Image via: http://cincyshopper.com/ants-log-recipe Entomophobes, beware! This creepy, crawly nostalgic snack will have your kids stoked about entomology sooner than you may have imagined, or at least theyll be stoked about culinary entomology. Using just some celery, a few raisins, and peanut butter, your kids can create a fun, creative treat of their very own. You can encourage your kids to be imaginative and decorate their logs however they wish! This imaginative, fun snack is easy for kids to make and both healthy and tasty for them to enjoy. Celery is a great source of potassium, fiber, and calcium, while the raisins are plentiful in iron and vitamin B. Ants on a log would be a perfect snack for any time of day when your kids are feeling adventurous and creative! You will need: •5 stalks of celery •1/2 cup of peanut butter •1/4 cup of raisins Check out the full recipe here. Watermelon and Cantaloupe Flowers Image via: http://onecraftything.com/fruityflowers/ What could be better than a relaxing afternoon of arts and crafts? Making those arts and crafts an edible snack! If you and your kids would like to make a culinary creation thats so simple, yet worthy of copious bragging via Pinterest and Instagram, these fruity, flowery creations are definitely for you. All you need is some of your kids favorite fruits (watermelon and cantaloupe will work the best!) and your combined imaginations. While the flowers of summer are fully in bloom, make some summer magic of your own with a few cookie cutters and tasty fruit dishes to create a summer snack thats both imaginative and healthy. You will need: •Fruit (You may want to avoid fibrous fruits, like mangoes and pineapples, because theyre harder to cut.) •Cookie cutters •Popsicle sticks Check out the full recipe here.

How to change a good school to a great school

How to change a good school to a great school What separates good schools from great schools? Since we know you’ve moved mountains (or at least scoured the globe) to find the best teachers possible, often times transforming your school from good to great can mean only a few small administrative adjustments. Great schools, put simply, are the schools that identify and implement the strategies necessary to get great results from students and retain the best teachers. We’ve encountered principals and administrators that understand this concept in its abstract form, but don’t know what tactics to implement to get started on their analysis. One of the most important thing to consider when performing this analysis is your teachers, as they’re the lifeblood of any given school. Teachers should be able to get together with each other and with administration to discuss course learning goals and curriculum criteria on a regular basis. In great schools, the goals that are identified out of these discussion sessions are made uniform across classrooms. Before you engage teachers in a discussion session, it’s a good idea to formulate which questions you should ask them to consider during these sessions. We’re sharing some great ones below: As teachers, what are we trying to accomplish and what goals do you set for yourself and your classroom? How do your students achieve these goals? How are they doing? How do you evaluate how well they’re doing? What assessment methods do you employ? How are you helping the students that need a little more support? Sitting down and asking these questions to your teachers can often kick-start improvements at the classroom level that can begin to make great changes in a school’s culture and student success rate. hbspt.cta.load(2736097, '7f899091-104b-40c4-ac00-7892e8fcb303', {});

The Fall 2018 Subscription You Need Cengage Unlimited

The Fall 2018 Subscription You Need Cengage Unlimited via Pixabay.com The new partnership is resulting in Cengage Unlimited: the subscription that allows college students access to over 22,000 products across 70 different disciplines. Launching this fall, a semester subscription is $119.99, allowing college students to access their class materials online. Should you prefer materials in print form, rent your materials for free just pay the $7.99 shipping expense. If youd like a one-year subscription, Cengage Unlimited offers a discounted price of $179.99. Companies like Amazon and Chegg have been offered access to educational materials online for a while now. However, students are sometimes worried about renting class materials out of fear theyll need a certain textbook in the future. Feeling the need to keep a textbook is a typical thought college students have these days. Whether its for the next class in sequence, or simply because the textbook was helpful, collecting textbooks isnt a bad idea. Cengage Unlimited has already foreseen this issue and will give students the option to keep up to six textbooks in their digital locker after their subscription ends. By partnering with Follett, Cengage now has access to all 80,000 schools, 1,200 campus stores, and 1,600 virtual stores. As textbooks become seemingly more expensive every year, college students are growing more and more frustrated with the amount of money required to be prepared for class. But the new partnership between Cengage and Follett will create access to affordable educational resources, aiming to meet the ever-growing demand from college students. Before you spend an ungodly amount on textbooks for the semester, consider buying a subscription to Cengage Unlimited for convenient, online access to your textbooks. Visit their website  to sign up for email updates so you can be ready to sign up as soon as the subscription launches this fall!

How Smart Tutoring Systems Work

How Smart Tutoring Systems WorkIntelligent tutoring systems are one of the great innovations that has been coming out in the last few years. These systems are different from other tutoring services because they are based on a digital format that has applications that can be used by any tutor at any time.Most tutors have to rely on data to help them work with students on the internet, but now you can find all the information on the topics you are working on in a compact package for a user online. You can quickly use the tutoring system to find a particular person and see what he or she is like based on the information you find.While this is convenient, you should know that many times the tutor uses different personal information that you might want to keep private. With intelligent tutoring systems it will be possible to see what the tutor is doing at any time and get suggestions for how you can better utilize the systems you have. You may want to see what the tutor is doing on a part icular program, which means that you can quickly access the tutoring system.Some users also have the ability to find a tutor's track record and ability to work with students. Many people take for granted that they have to work with a tutor based on the previous work they have done. With the use of smart tutoring systems, you can find out all the information that the tutor is doing with students so that you can determine if you would like to do business with that person.People find that they don't work as well as they did before because they didn't have the ability to connect with their clients online and get more of the information they needed to make changes. These tutoring systems allow users to find out all the information that the tutor is doing and connect with them.Often times people find that they don't have the power that they need to get the information they need because they have a tutor in person. The use of intelligent tutoring systems is one way that people are finding to solve that problem.You can also use the tutoring system to make changes or decide to move on to another tutor and you will still be able to find out what the tutor is doing. You can check your email from the tutoring system, so you can keep up with the progress of the tutor. You can even view any chat room you want and use it to connect with your client as you work with them on their specific programs.

What Should You Look For When Selecting an Organic Chemistry Tutor?

What Should You Look For When Selecting an Organic Chemistry Tutor?If you are an undergraduate looking for an exciting career in organic chemistry, then you need to work with a qualified organic chemistry tutor. As a matter of fact, these two concepts are very similar and what sets them apart is their respective rates. Although organic chemistry tutors are still not as common as calculus tutors, the demand for organic chemistry tutors will be on the rise, given the increasing number of students who will need to take calculus classes.Of course, there are a lot of colleges where this type of student can be found. With its growing popularity, there are now colleges that cater only to pre-calculus. That is why there are now so many universities offering science courses specifically targeted at pre-calculus.These courses are actually much better than the other math tutors because they will allow students to improve their grades in calculus before it is mandatory to do so. It has been said that a well-prepared student can outscore the rest of the class. Since such courses help students learn different topics that are part of organic chemistry, they can improve the effectiveness of the class. In other words, they are a great way to earn college credits.Most college professors believe that these courses will also improve the overall creativity of the students, and that is why it is considered more helpful to them. For example, most college professors may see organic chemistry as being very flexible, meaning that the students are able to change their minds more often.When deciding which college to enroll in, most students will choose one that offers organic chemistry tutors as an important part of the curriculum. Since organic chemistry is a rather involved subject, even high school students would be able to learn a lot more by taking organic chemistry classes. Of course, this does not mean that they will improve their grades in calculus, but it does mean that they will not fall behind the other students if they take their class with them.But what exactly is a great organic chemistry tutor? The best organic chemistry tutor will have a passion for teaching organic chemistry and be an expert in his field. Most tutors will keep in touch with the latest research in organic chemistry to ensure that their students get the information that they need to succeed. That is why it is important for them to be accredited and provide references for students who request one.The best organic chemistry tutor is a valuable asset for students that want to increase their grades. As long as they are willing to work hard to improve their grades, they will be able to get a better job later on. In the end, it is better to know what exactly you are getting when you enroll in a college that offers organic chemistry courses.

Discriminant

Discriminant Discriminant is an expression that is used to determine the properties of an equation. The Discriminant of an equation gives the number of roots and nature of roots. In quadratic equation ax^2 + b x+ c =0, the discriminant is b^2 4ac. This discriminant is used to find out number and nature of roots of quadratic equation. More on Discriminant If discriminant = 0 then equation has one real root. If discriminant 0, then the equation has 2 real roots. If discriminant 0, then the equation has two imaginary roots. Problem 1: Find out the number of solutions of the equation by using its discriminant. Check whether the solutions are real or imaginary. 3x^2 + 12 x + 12 = 0 Solution: Given equation is 3x^2 + 12 x + 12 = 0 = Now compare the equation with standard form ax^2 + b x + c= 0 = The value of a = 3, b = 12 and c=12 = We know Discriminant is b^2 - 4ac = Substitute the values: b^2 - 4ac = 12^2 4(3)(12) = 0 = Since the Discriminant = 0 the equation has one real solution. Problem 2: Find out the nature of roots of the Quadratic equation 2x^2 5x 12 = 0 by using its discriminant. Solution: Given equation is 2x^2 5x 12 = 0 = Now compare the given equation with standard form ax^2 + b x + c= 0 = The value of a = 2, b = -5 and c= -12 = Discriminant = b^2 - 4ac = (-5) ^ 2 4 (2) (-12) = 121 = Since, Discriminant = 121 0. = Therefore the roots are real and unequal.

Equation and Inequalities

Equation and Inequalities We can say equation is a statement that shows two mathematical expressions are equal in value. For example, x + 2 = 0. We can say inequation is also a statement that uses the symbols like , , , . We can use these symbols to indicate that one quantity is larger or smaller than other. Example 1: Solve for x: 6x 14 = x + 11 Solution: The given equation is 6x 14 = x + 11 We can add 14 on both sides 6x 14 + 14 = x + 11 + 14 6x = x + 25 Now we can subtract x on both sides 6x x = x + 25 x 5x = 25 Divide by 5 on both sides of the above equation, we get, x = 5. Example 2: Solve the inequality 7x 6 43 Solution: The given inequality is 7x 6 55 We can add + 6 on both sides of the inequation 7x 6 + 6 43 + 6 7x 49 Now we can divide by 7, then we get So the solution of the given inequality is (-, 7]. Or We can write this as x = {.-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Example3: Solve the inequality 3x +1 13 Solution: The given inequality is 3x +1 13 We can subtract 1 on both sides of the inequation 3x + 1 1 13 1 3x 12 Divide by 3, Then we get x 4 We can write the solution as x = {4, 5, 6, 7,}

The First World War

The First World War How the First World War Shook the World ChaptersThe Lead-up to World War IThe Shot Heard Round the WorldEveryone Gets InvolvedWorld War I and the Rest of the WorldAnalysis of WWIThe dawn of the 20th Century was a time of unprecedented progress and innovation: the possibility of humans taking flight became a probability with the Zepplin (1900), the Wright brothers’ aeroplane (1903) and the helicopter (1907).Bakelite, a virtually indestructible petroleum-based product opened new markets and sharp minds; every plastic implement in the world today originates from Leo Baekeland’s formula (1907).Everything from a favourite teddy bear (1902) to the artificial illumination (1902) we give little thought to was discovered/invented/created around the turn of the century.Even the teabags for your fav cuppa were invented in 1904!Hoovers, tractors and neon lights... the early 20th century saw the world treated to such a veritable explosion of genius incrementally making human life better and easier.Who could have known the war to en d all wars was just a few years away?Your Superprof now goes back in time to examine the simmering socio-political unrest and chronicles the events leading up to when that turmoil seethed to a boil, to survey the destruction and tally the losses.We’ll get to that event soon enough. For now, let’s continue drawing our map...Nobody liked the French so, to keep France from becoming any type of power to be reckoned with, Germany’s chancellor brokered the League of Emperors; an alliance between Europe’s three major thrones.Otto von Bismark is today credited brokering that deal. Sharply intuitive and cunningly astute, he seemed to have had the right touch for just about any negotiation. By all accounts, he wasn’t really a nice guy, though.Still, concerns over Russia’s commitment to the League led Prussia and Austria-Hungary to form a Dual Alliance, leaving the Tsar’s interests (and military strength) out of further negotiations. Later, Italy joined, making it a Triple Allian ce.America, reveling in its pre-Depression prosperity, was busy making great strides in industry that would later impact the outcome of the war.What about the British Empire?Until just after the turn of the century, we were enjoying our splendid isolation â€" avoiding any long-term alliances and relying only on our vast colonial resources for military strength as well as our economy.While there was relative peace in Europe during this time, there were skirmishes: the Boer wars, for one, that clearly illustrated Britain’s vulnerability in spite of the Empire’s might.For that reason, we entered into an Entente Cordiale, a series of agreements that greatly improved Anglo-French relations. Later, we signed into the Anglo-Russian Convention, meaning that, if either France or Russia needed our help in wartime, we would join in.Meanwhile, France and Russia had brokered their own agreements.Coming into 1914, there was Germany-Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Italy â€" the Triple Alliance, s andwiched by Great Britain-France-Russia’s Triple Entente.Now that our battle lines are drawn, let’s get on with the fighting!Discovering their country's annexation to Austria-Hungary left many Serbians angry Source: WikipediaThe Shot Heard Round the WorldArchduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, was touring Sarajevo, Bosnia being a territory that the Austria-Hungary empire had annexed from the waning Ottoman Empire.Among the crowds lining the motorcade route were six members of Young Bosnia, a body of political dissidents particularly active in schools. They intended to assassinate the Archduke in order to force the relinquishment of the south Slav provinces.The grenade lobbed at the passing car missed its mark, injuring several bystanders. Remarkably, that was the only attempt made on the dignitary’s life while in procession.Purely by chance, as he was returning from the hospital, having visited those wounded by the blast, a wrong turn brought him in the sig hts of one of the assassins, who was armed with a pistol.Two shots, one for the Archduke and one for his wife, fired by a youth just shy of his 20th birthday caused Europe to descend into chaos.Although the winds of war hardly ruffled Viennese society, the political effect was deep.From anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo encouraged by Austro-Hungarian leaders to imprisonment and extradition of prominent Serbs, all of which led to the July Ultimatum: intentionally unacceptable demands placed on the Serbian government with the deliberate intention of provoking war.Such demands have a way of causing earth-shattering events; just think about how such demands gave rise to Nazi Germany!world war; there was fighting on virtually every continent and on the open seas to boot!AsiaGermany held large swaths of territory â€" in China and what was then called German Samoa. New Zealand and Australia got in on the action by liberating that Samoan territory as well as the island that later came to be known as New Britain.Meanwhile, Japan got busy in Micronesia and then proceeded to capture Qingdao, in China’s northwestern province. Both were German territories.AfricaMuch of the continent had been colonised by European powers; now was the time those colonies rose up in arms against one another.The French and British united themselves against the Germans, taking over their Togoland and Kamerun protectorates.The Germans positioned in Southwest Africa attacked South Africa, where British forces were encamped. Fighting there continued for the duration of the war.IndiaIn spite of Germany’s best efforts to incite uprisings, India remained staunchly loyal to the Crown. Men enlisted in record numbers; more than a million Indian soldiers served in Africa, Europe and the Middle East.We note that their efforts were an attempt to gain their independence from Britain. They were sorely disappointed when, after cessation of hostilities, it was not given them.The Americas joined in the fighting r ather late.The United States had adopted a stance of non-intervention until 1915 when a German submarine sank  the Lusitania. The 128 Americans on board that perished caused President Woodrow Wilson to demand that Germany not target civilian ships.Germany agreed but, as the war ground on â€" now in its third year, they resumed unrestricted submarine warfare with full awareness that the U.S. would fight back.The German foreign minister sent a telegram inviting Mexico to ally themselves with Germany to fight the Americans but British forces intercepted the missive, which was presented to the American president via the U.S. embassy in London.That and the sinking of six American merchant ships were all the incentive President Wilson needed: on the 6th of April 1917, the United States joined the Allied Powers in fighting Germany.South American countries and Caribbean nations were not excluded: in that last year of the war, just about every nation declared war on Germany, with Panama and Nicaragua also declaring war on Austria.For its sheer scale, WWI ranks among the world's most famous historical events.Trench warfare killed by explosion and disease Source: Wikipedia Credit: John Warwick BrookeAnalysis of WWIAustria suffered heavy casualties in the early days of the conflict. In fact, Serbian forces defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces is considered one of modern history’s greatest upsets.With more than 35 million casualties, WWI is regarded as one of the bloodiest wars in all of humanity.A lot of deaths likely came from the fact that the war started with a lot of troops using 19th century weaponry and battlefield tactics but, as the war progressed, the same explosion of innovation that advanced civilisation also made fighting much more deadly:The British Ladyship tanks premiered on September 1916; France’s and Germany’s soon followedArtillery and aircraft brought new threats from the skyradios, telephones and wireless communication permitted communication b etween the front lines and the decision makers who remained far removed from the fighting.Trench warfare, made possible by the development and improvement of the grenade, took lives indiscriminately â€" by disease or by explosion.The might of the British Navy could not overcome the stealth of German submarines.Things might have kept on indefinitely were it not for the Russian revolution, whose conclusion culminated in the signing of a treaty with Germany.One by one, all of Germany’s allies capitulated. Left alone to face enemies around the globe, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th, leaving the remaining politicians to sign the armistice.It was truly a war to end all wars... until World War II came along.